Lab # 12- Dissolved Oxygen and Aquatic Primary Productivity
Summary: This purpose of this lab was to learn how photosynthesis and reperation work together in an aquatic environment and how they affect the dissolved oxygen concentration within the water. Within this experiement we found that as the photosynthetic rates increased, the DO concentration also increased, but as cellular resperation increased, the DO concentration decreased. We also found that the higher the temperature within the water, the lover the amount of oxygen is can hold. Yet, the more light energy available to the water, the higher the DO concentration will be because of the biological factors of photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
Summary
Chapter 27 – Bacteria Eubacteria · Prokaryotic Cells (unicellular, no membrane-bound organelles, small size relative to eukaryotic cells) o No nucleus, DNA floats freely in the cytoplasm o No mitochondria, Electron transport system occurs in cell membrane o No cytoskeleton: Contain Flagella that are different from those found in eukaryotes o No organelles: Chemical reactions occur freely in the cytoplasm · Cell Wall – made of peptidoglycan o Gram positive bacteria = thick cell wall, stain with Gram’s stain o Gram negative bacteria = extra membrane around cell wall, do not stain with Gram’s stain. Generally gram negative bacteria are toxic because of the extra membrane they can hide from the immune system and inhibit the entry of drugs · From capsules (sticky, protective layer outside the cell wall) which allow the bacteria to adhere to surfaces · Use pili (small surface appendages) which allow the bacteria to adhere to surfaces · Form Endospores to go into a dormant state that allows the bacteria to wait out unfavorable conditions · Bacterial infections can be treated by Antibiotics
Archaebacteria · Similar to Eubacteria except their cell walls are NOT composed of peptidoglycan · Have many eukaryotic traits, it is believed Eukaryotes derived from archeabacteria and that our mitochondria and cholorplasts derived from a Eubacteria · Live in Extreme Environments o Methanogens: produce methane, poisoned by oxygen (Swamps, cow guts) o Halophiles: “salt-loving” – thrive in high salinity (Great Salt Lake, Red Sea, Dead Sea) o Thermophiles: “Heat-loving” - thrive in high temperatures (hot springs, sea vents) Chapter 28 – Protists · Eukaryotic and unicellular · Animal-like Protists (Protozoans) o Heterotrophic, actively hunt their food o Ex: Ameoba (psuedopods) and Paramecium (cilia) · Plant-like Protists o Generally photosynthetic, some are both photosynthetic and heterotrophic depending on the conditions, some are multicellular o Ex: Green algae, Red algae, Brown algae, Euglena, Spyrogyra, Volvox · Fungus-like Protists o Only difference between Fungus and fungus-like protists is what the cell wall is made of o Ex: Cellular slime molds Chapter 31 – Fungi · Heterotrophic, feed by absorption: secrete enzymes externally and then absorb the nutrients o Decomposers, parasitic, mutualistic · Eukaryotic · Composed of Hyphae and Mycelium · Nonmotile, but the ability of the mycelia to spread quickly makes up for this · Reproduction o Hyphae (haploid) rapidly elongate o Hyphae nuclei fuse to form diploid organisms o Diploid organism undergoes meiosis to produce haploid spores which then repeat the process o 1 generation haploid, the next generation diploid and so on · Functions o Decomposers o Symbiosis with plants (mycorrhizae) o Food (mushrooms, alcohol via fermentation) o Mold and Disease ( athlete’s foot, gangrene)
Plants-Chapters 29-30,38
Major groups: · Bryophytes (Mosses) o New features include a cuticle and Gametangisa (Sperm and Egg) o Non-Vascular o Life cycle-Gametophyte is the dominant adult stage · Ferns and Fern Allies o New features include a lignin and vascular tissue o Life cycle-Sporophyte is the dominant adult stage · Gymnosperms (Evergreens) o New features are pollen and seeds o Life cycle-Pollination occurs. The pollen grows into the ovule and injects the sperm inside for fertilization. · Angiosperms (Flowering plants) o Flower Anatomy § Stamen (Male)-Anther and Filament § Pistil (Female)- Ovary, Ovule, Stigma, Style § Petals § Sepals
Vocabulary words and definitions; Population Genetics Population Genetics: Emphasizes the extensive genetic variation within a population. Modern Synthesis: Comprehensive theory of evolution
Photoautotrophs: photosynthetic organisms that capture light energy and use it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from CO2. Chemoautotrophs: Also need onl CO2 as a carbon source. However instead of using ight for energy, they oxidize inorganic substances, like H2S, NH3, Fe2+. ( This is a unique mode of nutrition is unique to certain prokaryotes) Photoheterotrophs: use light for energy but must obtain their carbon in organic form, marine prokaryotes use this as their mode of nutrition. Chemoheterotrophs: they must consume organic molecules for both energy and carbon. This widely found among prokaryotes as well as protists, fungi, animals, and some parasitic plants. Extremethermophiles: means 'lovers' of extreme conditions. Includes extreme thermophiles, extreme halophiles, and methogens. Methanogens-Produce methane gas and are poisoned by gas such as oxygen. Halophiles- Can tolerate enviornments that posses high salinity or salt. Thermophiles- Can tolerate enviorments with high temperatures. Gram positive- Bactieria with a thicker cell wall. When it is stained with Gram stain, it is a deeper stain. Gram negative- Bacteria with an extra membrane. This makes them toxic. This membrane can mask the bacteria making it hard to find for an immune system. Conjugation-Mutual transfer of DNA between bacterium. Transformation-Transfer of DNA between bacterium when one responds to an enviornment and uptakes surrounding DNA from that enviornment. Transduction-Transfer of DNA between bactierial cells by way of bacteriophages. Capsule-Protective, sticky layer outside the cell wall of a bacteria. Is a way of resistance to a host organsism’s defense system. Pilus- Surface appendages used to adhere to a surface. Endospores-Resistant state of bacteria in which they are able to develop a thick protective layer and inactivate their metabolism so that they can lie dormant. Antibiotics-Drugs used to kill off bacteria in a host. Eubacteria- “true bacteria” these can be a variety of different kinds of bacteria. Archaebacteria- Bacteria that are able to live in extreme enviornments. Phylogeny-The study of evolutionary relatedness of different spiecies and organims.
Hyphae-long, slender body of a fungus. It is wrapped around the food source. Mycelium-A mass of intertwined hyphae Septa-Porous walls between the cells. Xygomycota-Bread Mold Ascomyota-Sac fungi like truffles and sordaria Basidiomycota-Club fungi like mushrooms and shelf fungi.
Seed Coat- Outer protective layer, derived from ovule. Endosperm- Nutrients sourse. Derived from 2 polar bodies + sperm. Cotyledons-First leaves developed from embryo, and it transfers nutrients from endosperm to embryo. Epicotyl- Early organ that develops into leaves. Hypocotyl-Early organ that develops into the stem. Radicle-First roots. Germination-Plants emerge from seeds. Dermal tissue- Outer layer (epidermis) protection and limits water loss. Vascular tissue-Transports nutrients and water through the phloem (carbs) and xylem (water).
People and their experiments
Carolus Linnaeus created the binomial nomenclature system-Genus Species. He also was responsible for Taxa-the hierarchical levels of classification -> Domain, Kingdom, Phlyum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.
Charles and Francis Darwin-Observed Phototrophism which is the bending of a plant towards light.
Peter Boysen-Jensen and Arpad Paul-Their hypothesis was that the Darwin's "signal" was a chemical that traveled down the length of the plant. They concluded that chemicals move from tip to base.
Frits Went-Concluded that chemicals travled to celss directly beneath tip, chemicals caused cell elongation, and that there was more chemicals on the darker side of the tip than on the lighter side. Went's Experiment.
LABS:
Lab #9 – Transpiration
- Summary:
Lab #10 – Physiology of the Ciculatory SystemLab #11 – Animal Behavior
Lab # 12- Dissolved Oxygen and Aquatic Primary Productivity
Summary
Chapter 27 – Bacteria
Eubacteria
· Prokaryotic Cells (unicellular, no membrane-bound organelles, small size relative to eukaryotic cells)
o No nucleus, DNA floats freely in the cytoplasm
o No mitochondria, Electron transport system occurs in cell membrane
o No cytoskeleton: Contain Flagella that are different from those found in eukaryotes
o No organelles: Chemical reactions occur freely in the cytoplasm
· Cell Wall – made of peptidoglycan
o Gram positive bacteria = thick cell wall, stain with Gram’s stain
o Gram negative bacteria = extra membrane around cell wall, do not stain with Gram’s stain. Generally gram negative bacteria are toxic because of the extra membrane they can hide from the immune system and inhibit the entry of drugs
· From capsules (sticky, protective layer outside the cell wall) which allow the bacteria to adhere to surfaces
· Use pili (small surface appendages) which allow the bacteria to adhere to surfaces
· Form Endospores to go into a dormant state that allows the bacteria to wait out unfavorable conditions
· Bacterial infections can be treated by Antibiotics
Archaebacteria
· Similar to Eubacteria except their cell walls are NOT composed of peptidoglycan
· Have many eukaryotic traits, it is believed Eukaryotes derived from archeabacteria and that our mitochondria and cholorplasts derived from a Eubacteria
· Live in Extreme Environments
o Methanogens: produce methane, poisoned by oxygen (Swamps, cow guts)
o Halophiles: “salt-loving” – thrive in high salinity (Great Salt Lake, Red Sea, Dead Sea)
o Thermophiles: “Heat-loving” - thrive in high temperatures (hot springs, sea vents)
Chapter 28 – Protists
· Eukaryotic and unicellular
· Animal-like Protists (Protozoans)
o Heterotrophic, actively hunt their food
o Ex: Ameoba (psuedopods) and Paramecium (cilia)
· Plant-like Protists
o Generally photosynthetic, some are both photosynthetic and heterotrophic depending on the conditions, some are multicellular
o Ex: Green algae, Red algae, Brown algae, Euglena, Spyrogyra, Volvox
· Fungus-like Protists
o Only difference between Fungus and fungus-like protists is what the cell wall is made of
o Ex: Cellular slime molds
Chapter 31 – Fungi
· Heterotrophic, feed by absorption: secrete enzymes externally and then absorb the nutrients
o Decomposers, parasitic, mutualistic
· Eukaryotic
· Composed of Hyphae and Mycelium
· Nonmotile, but the ability of the mycelia to spread quickly makes up for this
· Reproduction
o Hyphae (haploid) rapidly elongate
o Hyphae nuclei fuse to form diploid organisms
o Diploid organism undergoes meiosis to produce haploid spores which then repeat the process
o 1 generation haploid, the next generation diploid and so on
· Functions
o Decomposers
o Symbiosis with plants (mycorrhizae)
o Food (mushrooms, alcohol via fermentation)
o Mold and Disease ( athlete’s foot, gangrene)
Plants-Chapters 29-30,38
Major groups:
· Bryophytes (Mosses)
o New features include a cuticle and Gametangisa (Sperm and Egg)
o Non-Vascular
o Life cycle-Gametophyte is the dominant adult stage
· Ferns and Fern Allies
o New features include a lignin and vascular tissue
o Life cycle-Sporophyte is the dominant adult stage
· Gymnosperms (Evergreens)
o New features are pollen and seeds
o Life cycle-Pollination occurs. The pollen grows into the ovule and injects the sperm inside for fertilization.
· Angiosperms (Flowering plants)
o Flower Anatomy
§ Stamen (Male)-Anther and Filament
§ Pistil (Female)- Ovary, Ovule, Stigma, Style
§ Petals
§ Sepals
Vocabulary words and definitions; Population Genetics
Population Genetics: Emphasizes the extensive genetic variation within a population.
Modern Synthesis: Comprehensive theory of evolution
Photoautotrophs: photosynthetic organisms that capture light energy and use it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from CO2.
Chemoautotrophs: Also need onl CO2 as a carbon source. However instead of using ight for energy, they oxidize inorganic substances, like H2S, NH3, Fe2+. ( This is a unique mode of nutrition is unique to certain prokaryotes)
Photoheterotrophs: use light for energy but must obtain their carbon in organic form, marine prokaryotes use this as their mode of nutrition.
Chemoheterotrophs: they must consume organic molecules for both energy and carbon. This widely found among prokaryotes as well as protists, fungi, animals, and some parasitic plants.
Extremethermophiles: means 'lovers' of extreme conditions. Includes extreme thermophiles, extreme halophiles, and methogens.
Methanogens-Produce methane gas and are poisoned by gas such as oxygen.
Halophiles- Can tolerate enviornments that posses high salinity or salt.
Thermophiles- Can tolerate enviorments with high temperatures.
Gram positive- Bactieria with a thicker cell wall. When it is stained with Gram stain, it is a deeper stain.
Gram negative- Bacteria with an extra membrane. This makes them toxic. This membrane can mask the bacteria making it hard to find for an immune system.
Conjugation-Mutual transfer of DNA between bacterium.
Transformation-Transfer of DNA between bacterium when one responds to an enviornment and uptakes surrounding DNA from that enviornment.
Transduction-Transfer of DNA between bactierial cells by way of bacteriophages.
Capsule-Protective, sticky layer outside the cell wall of a bacteria. Is a way of resistance to a host organsism’s defense system.
Pilus- Surface appendages used to adhere to a surface.
Endospores-Resistant state of bacteria in which they are able to develop a thick protective layer and inactivate their metabolism so that they can lie dormant.
Antibiotics-Drugs used to kill off bacteria in a host.
Eubacteria- “true bacteria” these can be a variety of different kinds of bacteria.
Archaebacteria- Bacteria that are able to live in extreme enviornments.
Phylogeny-The study of evolutionary relatedness of different spiecies and organims.
Hyphae-long, slender body of a fungus. It is wrapped around the food source.
Mycelium-A mass of intertwined hyphae
Septa-Porous walls between the cells.
Xygomycota-Bread Mold
Ascomyota-Sac fungi like truffles and sordaria
Basidiomycota-Club fungi like mushrooms and shelf fungi.
Seed Coat- Outer protective layer, derived from ovule.
Endosperm- Nutrients sourse. Derived from 2 polar bodies + sperm.
Cotyledons-First leaves developed from embryo, and it transfers nutrients from endosperm to embryo.
Epicotyl- Early organ that develops into leaves.
Hypocotyl-Early organ that develops into the stem.
Radicle-First roots.
Germination-Plants emerge from seeds.
Dermal tissue- Outer layer (epidermis) protection and limits water loss.
Vascular tissue-Transports nutrients and water through the phloem (carbs) and xylem (water).
People and their experiments